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A JOURNAL (On HNTOMOL@GiyY
[Established in 1874 |
VOLUME 9
IQO00-1902
CamMBRIDGE, Mass., U. S. A. 1\GbLSA1 CAMBRIDGE, ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
1902.
es Uy lies
Pa \iiles UN TAVO Th It)
; Ki \\ a. 14 a
CONTENTS.
ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Hymenoptera Parasitica . Hymenoptera (part) : A new Bruchophagus from Mexico A new Catolaccus on Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.
Baker, C. F. On some American species of Macropsis (Jassidae) Notes on Macropsis and Agallia (Jassidae) Another note on Deltocephalus melsheimerii Batt, E. D. Notes on the species of Macropsis and Agallia of North Aineriee BANKS, NATHAN. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Arach- nida. Neuroptera Neuropteroid insects : BLATCHLEY, W. L. On the species of iNemiobiue ton to occur in Tndiece Brues, CHARLES THOMAS. Notes on the larvae of some Texan Diptera. /dlus- trated . . é 3 0 5 O 5 3 5 2 : : Buscx, AuGustT. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Micro- lepidoptera 0 0 : c oe OH
CockERELL, T. D. A. The name Leonia . Table of North American Kermes, based on exter nal charecier s Some Coccidae quarantined at San Francisco . : Some insects of the Hudsonian Zone in New Mexico . : ¢ 6 123, Hymenoptera Apoidea Lepidoptera Rhopalocera Diptera, Lepidoptera, Er meneptera Myrratciane A new coccid on roots of Rubus ; Hemiptera on Verbascum Records of the habits of New Mewican Gelkontere The pupa of Mermiria texana Bruner . 0 : 5 . : ° . CocKkERELL, T. D. A. See Newberry, Minnie. CockEeRELL, T. D. A. and Kine, G. B. Notes on a pticerya townsendi Ckll. Illustrated . . C CoquiLLettT, D.W. Some insects ae the medeonian Zonet in New Mesto! Dipters
DuRAND, NAPIER N. Notes on two Canadian butterflies Dyar, Harrison G. Life histories of North American Gesmenians
ilps 163,
9
147
87
10,
21, 59, 69, 93, 106, 118, 130, 142, 155, 165, 177, 189, 203, 226, 239,
CORRECTION of an error
250, 262, 273, 287, 298, 310, 336, 344, 371, 353, 396, 407, 419, 4
28. It
SUPPLEMENTARY notes on Orgyia . : 143 Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New VGtwe= Tenidapters eterocers (part) - : 6 . : : : : ; c : ; : : : 146 Farr, H.C. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico—Coleoptera_ . 303 Faxon, WALTER. The habits and notes of the New England species of Oecanthus 183 Fett, E. P. Two new species of Ophion : c . . 307 Fosom, Justus Watson. The distribution of Holarctic Golemnols c : 159 Review of the collembolan genus Neelus and ee of N. minutus n. sp. Plate 2 5 : ° ° c o 219 The identity of the snow- ice (Acher utes nivicola Fitch). Plate> . 5 5 315 Collembola of the grave. Plate 4 : < - 5 : 0 363 Foret, AuGuste. Sketch of the habits of North Panericant ants . - 231, 243
Gitterte, C. P. Identification of two of Fitch’s species, viz., Deltocephalus mel- sheimerii and Chlorotettix unicolor . : 5 : 2 : 2 6 “ 171
Hancock, J. L. Synopsis of subfamilies and genera of North American Tetti-
gidae . : 3 : : . 2 2 5 - 6
A new tettigian genus and species fe om South Nate. Illustrated 3 2 Haywarp, RoLANpD. The katydid’s call in relation to temperature . 5 : ° 179 A note on the secondary sexual characters of Omophron : . : c 304 HENSHAW, SAMUEL. New England Orthoptera . . . : ° 119 Bibliographical notes. X. Biologia Gentaiearncricana™Orthaptecn : . 274 Horxrins, A. D. American fossil Coleoptera referred to the Scolytidae. J2/ustrated 64
Hunter, S. J. and Surron, W. S. The Melanopli of Kansas . : 0 : . 63, 76, 88
KrLLOGG, VERNON L. A new blepharocerid. Jllustrated : : 9 . . 39 Stanford university’s collection of Japanese scale insects. 5 3 : c 144 Food of larvae of Simulium and Blepharocera . 5 . . . c 166 The triangle spider in California . c : : : 5 5 : 167 Insects and spiders of the Galapagos ielande) : o : 173 Studies for students—I. The anatomy of the larva of the pant crane-fly,
Holorusia rubiginosa. Jllustrated . : : 207 Il. The histoblasts (imaginal buds) of the wings and ies of the wine crane- fly
Holorusia rubiginosa. Jllustrated . : : ¢ 5 5 5 . 5 246 Are the’Mallophaga degenerate psocids? . - . 5 5 ° ¢ ° 339 Coccidae and Aleurodidae_. : 5 . . ° 429
KiNG, GeorGE B. The fifth species of Rennes con Maseaehunetts ° 5 : 22 The genus Kermes in North America. Jllustrated . . c 5 ° 78 Miscellaneous notes on Coccidae from western Massachusetts . . : . 116 Coccidae of the Harvard botanical gardens . A * : . . . . 153 Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. 2 . : . > : 5 . 0 199 Kermes quercus Linn. . 3 3 . ° ' 258 A check-list of the Massachusetts oeieidaes with some notes on the species . 260
Some new records of the New England Formicidae. : . : : : 270
v
A new species of Saissetia (Coccidae) with notes on some of the species of the genus not well understood. J//lustrated Further notes on New England Formicidae . The association of Coccidae Kinc, G. B. See Cockerell, T. D. A. KusNezow, NicHoLas. On the productive coloration and attitude of Libythea celtis Esp. Jdlustrated ;
McCLENDON, Jesse F. A new species of Chrysopa from Texas. //lustrated McNEIL, JEROME. The orthopteran genus Trimerotropis 6 Mayer, ALFRED GOLDsBoROUGH. On the mating instinct in moths : MELANDER, ALEX LEONARD. Oe a aaa in a new species of Hilara. Illustrated A new silphid beetle from a Piavle insect- Sip ; 5 Morsk, ALBERT Pirts. Variation in Tridactylus. //lustrated Dichopetala brevicauda —a correction : 5 5 C : - MucKERMANN, HERMAN. The structure of the nests of some North American species of Formica
NEEDHAM, JAMES G. A probable new type of Eee ee Illustrated A simplified spreading board ; NEWBERRY, MINNIE, and CocKERELL, T. D. im Notes on the Sears of Anthi- dium paroselae
Osporn. HERBERT Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico.— Rhyn- chota Heteroptera : An interesting case of mimicry
PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING. Occurrence of Myrmeleon immaculatum De Geer in Maine Occurrence of Machilis vatiabilis 1 in Maine Occurrence of Melanoplus extremus in northern Teabrador Occurrence of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in Maine On the larval forms of several exotic ceratocampid moths : A preliminary sketch of the Sphingicampidae, a new group of Proreepnineine Lepidoptera, with its subdivisions ° On the limits of the family Saturniidae, with a note on cine! genus Rothschildia PeckHAM, GEORGE W. and ELizaABETH G. Some new, genera and species of Attidae from South Africa
Ritey, WittiAM A. The so-called mandibles of spiders : : r 5
ScuppER, SAMUEL HuBBARD. The species of the oedipodine genus Heliastus occurring in the United States The species of Hadrotettix, a genus of Gedipodinae Notes on the orthopteran genus Leprus Saussure The clear-winged species of the oedipodine genus Mectobreenia
296
367 401
339
vi
Localities for western Tryxalinae
A list of the Orthoptera of New Bysendl
The distribution of Leptysma marginicollis (Serv.)
Mantis religiosa in America é : ° : ¢ :
Some insects of the Hudsonian Zone in New Mewieo! Orthoptera
The species of Circotettix, a North American genus of Oedipodinae
The species of Diapheromera (Phasmidae) found in the United States =f Canada : . ¢ : : .
A courageous butterfly, Oeneis semidea Plate 7
Miogryllus and its species in the United States
The species of Gryllus on the Pacific coast
Distribution of Cryptocercus punctulata . : 2
The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Siena Nevadas
On the United States Orthoptera which have been referred to the genus Tridac-
tylus
Group characteristics of some Norn American butterflies 370, 381, 394, 405, Smiru, JouN B. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Lepidoptera Noctuidae . : a 3 ; ° . ; SNopGRASS, ROBERT E. The inverted emi gium GE Dasyllis ame Laphria Plate 5. . 2 : a : 3 SouLE, CAROLINE G. The cocoons or cases of some burrowing caterpillars. 6 Some mating notes : . : : 0 3 : - Notes on the mating of Attacus cecropia anal others. A new use for an ovipositor . 2 : : 2 : The inner cocoon of attacine moths. b Q 2 : 9 Mating of Attacus gloveri. : : : 3 6 The hatching of Eacles imperialis . f 5 Notes on hybrids of Samia cynthia and Attacus promethea Surron, W.S. See Hunter, S. J. and Sutton, W. S.
VreRECK, HENRy L. Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Hyme- noptera : : : . . . . 0 : . . . WHEELER, WILLIAM Horne The habits of Myrmecophila nebrascensis Bruner
Illustrated. ¢ . ° 0 0 0 < 5 °
Microdon larvae in Pseudomyrma nests. /dustrated
New agricultural ants from-Texas ¢ 2 S 6 WickHAM, HENRY FREDERICK. On Coleoptera Found with ants. Fifth paper
Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. Coleoptera
UNSIGNED ARTICLES.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. — American species of Tachys; Gryllus luctuosus; dark larvae of Papilio polyxenes; orthopteran fauna of Europe and the United States, 23. Election of officers; double cocoon of Samia cynthia, 41. Election of members; Orthoptera of New Eng- land; development of the wings in the potato beetle, 95. A moth raised ;
413,
Dichromorpha viridis in eastern Massachusetts ; Euptoieta claudia in New England; Mantis religiosa in America; a new mimetic acridian ; Cyphoderris monstrosa; note of the katydid, 167. Annual meeting; election of officers and address of president, 179. Aleurodes citri; cave crickets ; Coenonympha in Calitornia; Enodia portlandia in New England; Miogryllus; Venation and wing folding, 311.
ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE YOUNG . : 5 c : t 3 : 6 ¢ 20 INSECT-NEURATION : : 3 ; : : 4 é 4 ; ; 2 : 47 JORDAN AND KELLOGG’s ANIMAL LIFE. 3 : : Ss . ¢ Q . 144 CORRECTION .« : c : é é : : : é ; : ‘ - I91, 300, 325 WILLEM ON APTERYGOTA . ‘ : 6 F é : . F 5 5 : 252 LITERATURE 5 : 5 6 : ; 6 3 . D 5 6 - : 300 Economic ENTOMOLOGY — . F 5 J 3 F : Z ; 6 3 5 311
Notes . ° é : : ¢ : é ; : : : ¢ - 335, 360, 393, 431 CEPHALIC MORPHOLOGY : : C c . : ¢ - : . c ow BYU
vil z 4
Pey CHE
S SOCAN ML, (Ou INNO eoii ee we [Established in 1874] Vol. 9, No. 285
JANUARY, 1900
CONTENTS
ON COLEOPTERA FOUND WITH ANTS. FirtrH Parer.— WH. F&F. Wickham. ri SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF NorTH AMERICAN TETTIGIDAE. — F. L. Hancock. .
THE ‘‘ cocoons” oR ‘‘ CASES” OF SOME BURROWING CATERPILLARS. — Caroline G. *
Soule. : : : ‘ F 5 : : : d : : : : Lire HISTORIES OF NorTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. VIII.— Harrison G. Dyar.
Lire HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. IX.— Harrison G. Dyar. THE NAME Leonia. TZ. D. A. Cockerell CORRECTION OF AN ERROR. — Harrison G. Dyar.
PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB
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SCRE.
ON COLEOPTERA FOUND WITH
ANS: WRT EE PAPER:
BY HENRY FREDERICK WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA.
From time to time it has been possi- ble to add a few records to those which I have published in the earlier papers of this series, but it has not been prac- ticable to make a systematic effort to work out the myrmecophilous fauna in the neighborhood of my own home. The fragmentary nature of the observa- tions is well realized —but even frag- ments may be of use to a future monog- rapher.
1. Formica exsectotdes Forel (name from Rev. P. Jerome Schmitt). A large colony of these ants has constructed a good-sized hillock of cinders by the side of one of the railroad tracks. An exam- ination of this nest, on the second of May, 1896, revealed many specimens of Hetaertius brunnipennts, Batrisus fossicauda, Anthicus melancholicus and one Jonotoma fulvipes. On April 24, 1898, I examined another hillock (in this case made of earth, with a thin covering of cinders) belonging to the same species. the earth to a depth of three or four inches, I got six Batrisus fosstcauda,
By scraping away
which seemed to be in galleries close to the surface of the mound, especially
around theedges. Three J/egastélicus
formicarius were also secured in this
hill, besides quite a lot of Azthécas The Megastilicus is an active insect and loses no time in bury- ing itself when uncovered by the inves- It most likely belongs to the group of predatory myrmecophiles.
Il. Formica fusca var. subsericea Say. This affected by Coleopterous insects, as will be seen by reference to earlier papers. A very large nest was examined in March and found to contain quite a number of /Ze¢- On the seven-
melancholicus.
tigator.
ant is much
aertus brunntpennts. teenth of April I looked again and found more of these beetles 1s well as a lot of Ptomaphagus parasitus, part of which were under a log which lay across the top of the mound while others were obtained deep down in the galleries. One Megastilicus formicarius was captured near the surface of the hillock, never before seen this
and as I had
beetle alive I searched carefully for
4 PSYCHE.
others but without success. Besides these, and some unidentified Staphylin- idae, I found an example of Thzasophila americana Fauvel MS. Later visits showed that the Hetaerius could be found as late as the middle of May, and at this time I got Batrisus fosstcauda (chiefly near edges of the nest) anda few Anthicus melancholicus.
Ill. Formica nitidiventris Em. I cannot find that any beetles are recorded from the nest of this ant, and my own observations had, until recently, been without positive result. On the fourth of last May, however, I found Cremas- tochilus harrtsiz, in the midst of a strong colony, under a piece of board, on grassy land. Records of the hosts of Cremastochilus are much to be desired, so few having been published, in spite of the undoubted status of these beetles as true guests.
IV. Lastus americanus Em. This ant frequently makes its home under leaves in the woods, or under loose bark of fallen trees, or of stumps. Since such situations are also favorite haunts of many Scydmaenidae, Pselaphidae, and Staphylinidae, it is often difficult to conjecture the true relationships of the ants to the accompanying beetles. It may not be out of place, however, to record the following captures of Cole- Pycnophus rasus. Connophron pallidum, C. capil- losulum without record of date; Baz-
optera with these ants:
risus frontal?’s in nest under bark, April 28, both this and B. elobosus in the same situation a month later;
Tmesiphorus costalis, Batrisus fron-
January 1900.
talis, Rybaxis conjuncta var. trun- caticornis from leaves covering a nest, May 29. Hurypronota discreta oc- curred on one occasion only. ALyrmo- biota crassicorn?s is often rather abun- dant in subcortical nests, and is, un- doubtedly, a true guest, as it seems not to be met with elsewhere.
V. Lastus aphidicola Walsh. Often lives in immense colonies, under large stones, on wooded hillsides, and quite frequently inhabits rotten logs, in moist forest lands, these logs being perforated A small nest, investigated on May 31, yielded Connophron pallidum. A much larger
in all directions by galleries.
one, beneath a flat stone. was infested by Ceophyllus monilis, of which I took seven specimens. These beetles walked about. carrying themselves high with a
‘‘tiptoeing”’? motion, among the im- mense swarm of ants, apparently with- out suffering molestation nor receiving
On May 8 Thad
examined a large colony occupying a
aid from their hosts.
rotting stump, and took from the gal- leries three specimens each of Adranes lecontet, Ceophyllus montlis and Bat- risus globosus, one Homoeusa expansa and sixteen Zachys ferrugineus. Vhis Tachys often, if not always, occurs with ants. Mr. Hayward has found it with them, Mr. G. Beyer once sent me several, mounted Lasius, from New Jersey; and personally I cannot recollect having met with it except in A colony of what I took to be Laséus aphidicola, but which Dr. Wasmann identifies as L. interjection?s Mayr, at home in an
with
the above mentioned nest.
January 1900.)
old stump, was sifted over on May 29, and from it I obtained Adranes lecon-
tet, Ceophyllus monil’s and Limulodes
paradoxus.
VI. Tapinoma sessile Say. This species is very common near Iowa City, but seems but very little favored by guests. I have a record of Connophron longtipenne taken with it, April 17, but the occurrence is probably acci- dental.
VII. Ponera pennsylvanica Buck. Frequently met with, but I have only a single record, Connophron clavicorne, found with this ant, April 17.
VIII. Aphaenogaster aguia Buck. Nests in the ground, the galleries open- ing in the protection of a stone or piece of wood, the latter often much pierced by the tunnels. During April and May, Limulodes paradoxus occurs abun- dantly with this species, and the little beetles may be seen running around among their hosts without any moles- tation whatever.
IX. Pogonomyrmex opaciceps Mayr. Specimens of this ant were sent me from the neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, by Mr. Ernest Ne Oslar, who writes that it is the host of Cremasto- chilus sauctus and C. knocht?, speci- have also received
mens of which I
from him. He finds the beetles with their hosts at various times, my ex- amples of sauwcéws being dated E. Denver, April ro, Berkeley, June 3, and Salida, July rr. marked Berkeley, April 8, and Chim- ney Gulch, June 18. He says of saz- céus: ‘© 1 generally find it in ant hills
The knochid are
PSYCHE. 5
but never more than one in each, at all times of the year. Last winter, just before Christmas, a friend and myself drove to a place called Parkers, twenty- five miles south of Denver, on a three days’ jack rabbit hunt, while a foot of snow lay on the ground. I kicked up four saucius from the ant hills during the three days Of
course they were dormant, and I carried
of our hunting.
them in an empty cartridge shell. By the time I got back to Denver they were all lively from the warmth of my I notice that it is difficult to
get perfect specimens of this beetle, the
pocket.”
legs often being much mutilated, sup- posedly by the ants which are large and fierce creatures.
X. Pheidole vinlandica Forel, (name from Rey. P. Jerome Schmitt). From a nest of this species I got a single specimen of Aténus montlicornis. The colony was housed under a large stone, by the roadside, in the vicinity of Nash- ville, Tennessee. The date was about the middle of August.
XI. Cremastogaster olinelata Say. Although this is one of our commonest Iowa ants and occurs in great colonies, I seldom find any beetles with it except such as are clearly casual companions. I have, however, a record of Pycno- phus rasus which may be worth saving.
All of the foregoing notes are to be considered as referring to observations made near Iowa city, unless otherwise stated. I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Theo. Pergande and to Rev. P. Jerome Schmitt for kind aid rendered in the way of identifications.
6 IPS ACI FMR. [January 1900.
SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF NORTH AMER- ICAN TETTIGIDAE.
(Based upon the synoptical table of Prof. Bolivar.)
BY J. L. HANCOCK, CHICAGO, ILL.
1 (2) Antennae filiform, rarely the last two articles before the extremity very little compressed.
2 (1) Face more or less oblique or perpendicular; median ocellus situated in front of the eyes.
3 (16) Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate above. 4 (5) Frontal costa furculate between the eyes, the branches strongly diverging,
forming a frontal scutellum. Subfamily CLaponorinae Bol. 5 (4) Pronotum largely compressed, above completely foliaceous, rounded-angu- late, posteriorly truncate. Gen. Chorophyllum Serv.
6 (8) Antennae with twelve to fourteen articles; pronotum anteriorly truncate, or angulate, or rarely angulate produced, posterior angles of the lateral lobes turned downwards, more or less rounded, not obliquely truncate.
Subfamily Trrricinar Bol.
7 (13) Vertex advanced in front of the eyes, wider than one of them, in profile united with the frontal costa, generally angulate anteriorly.
8 (6) Antennae with twelve, rarely thirteen articles; pronotum with the dorsal front margin angulate produced, median carina cristiform, more or less arched longitudinally, median lobule of the posterior margin of lateral lobe feebly developed, sub-humeral sinus for the reception of elytra shallow.
Gen. Nomotettix Morse.
g (10) Antennae with fourteen or often thirteen articles ; pronotum generally not advanced upon the head to the eyes, median lobule of posterior margin of the lateral lobe well developed, the sub-humeral sinus quite deep.
Gen. Zettix Charp.
10 (9) Vertex a little advanced in front of eyes, equal to, or considerably wider than one of them, in profile united with the frontal costa rounded, or de- presso-rounded.
11 (12) Vertex considerably wider than one of the eyes, branches of the frontal costa more or less strongly divergent, antennae consisting of twelve to thir-
teen articles. Gen. Weotettix Hanc. 12 (1t) Vertex equal to one of the eyes, branches of frontal costa narrowly forked, straight and evenly divergent. Gen. MWerotettix Morse.*
*Given on the authority of Prof. A. P. Morse; a recently described genus in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. vol. vii, P- 199, 1899.
January r1900.]
PSV GHP.
“1
13 (7) Vertex not advanced in front of the eyes; median carina of pronotum scarcely elevated.
14 (15) Body usually broad between the shoulders; vertex narrower or equally wide with one of the eyes; second femoral carinae more or less flexuous, or undulate, or lobate, or clypeate, very rarely straight.
Gen. Paratettix Bol.
15 (14) Vertex strongly narrowed in front, the front border nearly one-half the breadth of an eye, or less; body usually prolongate; branches of frontal costa sub-parallel, closely approximate. Gen. Telmatett/x gen. n.
16 (3) Anterior femora above distinctly and broadly sulcate ; pronotum in front produced more or less above the head, very frequently hooked, accuminate, or, to a certain extent, obtusely rounded angulate; antennae sixteen to twenty- two articles. Subfamily BarracuipInaE Bol.
17 (18) Body strongly tumid; dorsum of the pronotum convex, lightly punc- tate, lateral carinae in front of the shoulders wanting.
Gen. Paxzlla Bol.
18 (17) Body narrower; dorsum of the pronotum, between the carina rather concave, conspersed with more or less longitudinal wrinkles, lateral carinae in front of the shoulders present. Gen. JTettig¢dea Scudd.
THE ** COCOONS” OR ‘‘ CASES” OF SOME BURROWING CATERPILLARS.
BY CAROLINE G. SOULE, BROOKLINE, MASS.
From much watching of pupating caterpillars, especially of such sphin- gids and ceratocampids as go into the ground to pupate, I gradually came to doubt the exactness of the statements,
enough to give ample room for cases. Into each box I put a larva ready to pupate, and wandering in search of a suitable place. All burrowed very soon, and I left the boxes undisturbed for a few days, that no unusual condi- tion should aflect the larvae.
made in many books, that such cater- pillars spin ‘*cases” or ‘* cocoons” in
the earth inside of which they transform. Last summer I had a good supply of Protoparce celeus and carolina, Philampelus pandorus and achemon, Ceratomta amyntor,and Paonias exco- ecatus, with which I experimented. Into tin boxes I put sifted earth deep
On examining the boxes, which was very carefully done, I found, in every case, no sign of silk, and no ‘‘ case” which held together at all. 1 found an oval cavity, smooth, and large enough to hold the pupa easily, allowing free motion of the abdominal segments and
8 PSV CHEE:
even space to turn over completely. The walls of the cavity seemed pressed by the turning of the caterpillar and moistened by the sticky fluid which exudes from such larvae in the early stages of pupation. This combined fluid and pressure served to keep the earth from falling upon the caterpillar under ordinary circumstances, but a very slight touch with pencil, fingers, or stem sent the upper walls down as dirt, not as fragments of a case or of a wall.
I then put less earth in a tin and put on it a caterpillar which was ready to burrow, and watched it.
Butting its head against the earth it made a small hole, then worked the hole larger until it would admit the entire body, which the earth was not deep enough to cover.
The caterpillar then moved about in this hole, butting the sides with its head
“until there was room to spare, and the walls were packed by the pressure. Exudation had begun and the fluid was forced against the walls by the crawling and butting of the caterpillar,.so that all was absorbed by the earth.
There was no spinning whatever, nor any of the weaving motion of the head made by the caterpillar when
At first the caterpillar lay
moist.
spinning. on its venter, shortened and After a day or two it turned upon one side, curled slightly in a curve. Next it turned on the other side, then on its back, still slightly curled. Then the ends of the skin began to look empty,
and the caterpillar slowly rolled over
{January 1900.
upon the venter, and soon cast the larva skin. I repeated this experiment sev- eral times, and with different species, and always with the same result.
Dryocampa rubicunda the same results also, though much less fluid exudes from these.
I satisfied myself that with these species the cell formed for pupation could not be called either a case or a cocoon, since it could not be taken up
gave
asa whole without taking up enough of the surrounding earth to keep from it all pressure and jar, as these destroy it at once.
I tried the same plan with Dezlephila lineata, which in my former experiences has always spun a slight cocoon, like a fish-net, between leaves.
The four specimens I put into the four tins with earth, shaped cells for themselves, and did not spin at all. They did not burrow as deep as the other larvae however.
The boxes were kept tightly covered except when I was watching the cater- pillars, so that the earth was not dried too much.
The pupae were all perfect, but no better, except those of the Protoparce and C. amyntor, than those made by the other larvae pupating in tins with- out earth.
In making their cells the caterpillars did not bring earth to the surface, but merely pushed it back on all sides, so that in the tins with deeper earth there was no trace of any burrow or cater- pillar.
January 1900.
PSYCHE. 9
LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. —VIII.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The
is well
Calocampe undulata Linn. larva that bears this name in Europe known, having been frequently described and figured. (See Hofmann, Raup. Gross- Schmett. Eur., p. 230). The American lar- va has been described only by Fitch. Our larva differs decidedly in habit, coloration and food plant from the European one, so that it hardly seems as if they could be the same species. Newman says the European moth lays the eggs singly, or at least never adjoining each other, and the larvae are not decidedly gregarious and Hofmann does not contradict this. “he European larva hasa brown head and is gray below, brown above, faintly lined with black, the dorsal line finely edged with whitish and with a whitish stig- matal line. The food plant is willow. The following description will show how our lar- va differs : —
Eggs. Laid in a pile, nine square and four layers deep, the upper layers composed of less eggs than the lower and consequently smaller, but on one side all the layers are equal. Elliptical, strongly flattened above and below and a little so on the sides by mutual pressure, the ends rounded, the one toward the tapering side of the pile a little depressed, none truncate; reticulations flat- tened, not raised, the egg indistinctly a many-sided polygon; reticulations whitish, not very distinct. Color green, then pink- ish yellow, finally gray before hatching; size .6 x .4 x .3 mm.
Stage I. Head pale yellow, ocelli black; round, slightly bilobed, no marks; width 3 Body somewhat robust, not elongate, feet normal; ocherous yellow, all the tuber- cles distinct and broadly dark brown, large, bearing dark, swollen-tipped setae. Cervi- cal shield not cornified, concolorous, the
mm.
tubercles also brown and distinct as on the body; anal plate and anal leg plates triangu- lar, dusky. Tubercle vi absent. The larvae spun up gregariously a silky web at the tip of a leaf and fed therein.
Stage If. Head rounded bilobed, shin- ing pale yellow; width .5 mm. Body trans- lucent yellowish, tubercles large, black; a broad, shaded,
faint, narrower dorsal one.
subdorsal black band and a Shields and feet pale; setae moderate, dusky.
Stage III. Head round, full, slightly bi- lobed, shining reddish orange; width 1-1 mm. (Calculated should be .g mm.) Body thick, short, a little flattened; pale green with dorsal, addorsal and subdorsal broad, straight black lines with only narrow spaces between, the subdorsal broadest and edged with whitish below. Tubercles and spira- cles black; cervical shield pale centrally, black at the sides; anal plate and large leg- shield black; setae short, pale.
Stage IV. Head as before, shining red- dish orange; width 1.5 mm. Body as be- fore, the dorsal and addorsal lines black, their narrow interspaces forming pulveru- lent yellowish white lines on the broad dark dorsum; subdorsal line reaches tubercle iii and is edged below by a suprastigmatal, nar- row, yellowish line. Subventer dull yellow- ish with faint, pale, subventral line and rings about tubercles vii. Feet and venter pale, spiracles black ringed; anal plate and large anal leg-shields deep black; cervical shield red like the head, black on the lateral margins; tubercles black, moderate; setae rather long, fine, pale.
The larvae live till maturity gregariously within the leaves which they spin together and eat off the upper epidermis and paren-
chyma. Whole shoots may be thus spun up
10 PSYCHE.
by one brood of larvae, the leaves turned brown and withered. ‘Two broods in the year. pupa in the ground. The larva in New York and New Jersey on the wild
Winter passed as is common
{January rgoo.
cherry (Prunus serotina), its only food plant. Were this plant of any economic im- portance, this Geometrid would be classed among the injurious species.
LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE .—IX.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Therina athastaria Walker. The moth was determined by Dr. Hulst.
The only reference to the early stages of this species is by Dr. Packard (Therina seminudaria, Rept. ent. U. S. dept. Agr, 1886, p. 329; 5th