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HARVARD UNIVERSITY 7 Library of the

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Entomologist’s Record

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED BY P. A. SOKOLOFF, F.R.E:S.

CONTENTS 1986

Acronycta alni L. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Kent. D. O’Keefe 253 Aglais urticae. Unusual Egg-Laying Stra- tegies of the Small Tortoiseshell

: Butterfly A. S. Pullin 9 Amphipyra berbera svenssoni (Fletcher) and the Mouse Amphipyra_trago- pogonis (Clerck) Lepidoptera Noc- tuidae. Unusual Foodplants of Svensson’s Copper Underwing E. G. Hancock and I. D. Wallace 7 Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lep., Gele- chiidae). A Further Record of

A. M. Emmet 82 Anasimyia interpuncta Harris (Dipt., Syrphidae in the Thames Estuary Area. A Further Colony of C. W. Plant DD Antichloris eriphia Fab. (Lepidoptera Ctenuchidae) First Record for Britain. R. J. Barnett 240 Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepi- doptera Pyralidae) in 1985, and an Account of its Previcus History. The Occurrence of J. M. Chalmers- Hunt PSI Apion pallipes Kirby W. (Col., Apionidae) in West Cumbria. R. W. J. Read

~ 124

Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw. (Lep. Tortricidae) on Vitis vinifer P. Sokoloff 254 Aswan, Upper Egypt, December 1983. Buttertless trom J! "G," ‘Goutsis

176

Athous subfuscus Mull. (Col., Elateridae) in Surrey. A Few Remarks on

A. A. Allen 136 Baracaldine, Argyll, in 1982-1984. Rarer Moth Species at J.C. A. Craik 38 Beetles apparently Unrecorded from Surrey. Two D. A. Prance 165 Biselachista trapeziella Stainton (Lep., Elachistidae) for Scotland. A Be- lated Record of J. M. Chalmers-

Hunt 1097 Blastobasis lignea Wals. in November. A. A. Allen a) Brimstone Moth. A White R. T. Lowe 258

Book Talk Eight. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt

ZAD British Butterflies in 1984. A Review of C. J. Luckens ait

Bryotropha senectella (Zeller) (Lep., Gelechiidae) on Flowers of Leu- canium vulgare. R. J. Heckford

123

Bryotropha Species (Lep., Gelechiidae) on Flowers. H. N. Michaelis 250

Butterflies in Morocco. D. Hall 62

Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hubner). Damage to Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) by M. A. Easter- brook 218

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubn. (Tor- tricidae). Foodplants of M. Parsons

196

Caloptilia rufipennella (Hubner) (Lep., Gracillaridae) in Kent. A. A. Emmet 1272

Cape Clear Island, Co. Cork, Ireland. An Autumn Visit to M. G. W. Terry

£7

Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregson) from West Scotland J. D. Wallace

L235

Celaena haworthii Curt. (Haworth’s Rus- tic) and Eupithecia tenuiata (Slen- der Pug) on Jersey 1984. A. M.

Riley 192 Celastrina argiolus Linn. in February. N. W. Lear 203

Ceramidia viridis Druce (Lep., Ctenuchi idae) A Further Record of F. N. H. Smith 166 Chilodes maritimus Tausch. Silky Wains- cot) in) Late “Summer. (G ss Blathwayt L272 Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (Golden Twin Spot) in Dorset. EF. H. Wild

30

Chrysolina banksi F. (Col.) in West Kent. A. A. Allen By Clouded Yellows in Fife in 1982. P. K. Kinnear 95

Coccinellids: Some Observations on an Old Controversy. Interspecific Hy- bridisation in the H. Ireland, P. Kearns, M. Majerus 181

iv

Cochylis flavicilliana (Westwood) (Lep. Tortricidae) and Phycitodes saxt- cola (Vaughan) Lep., Pyralidae) in Bedfordshire A. M. Riley 230

Coenagrion pulchellum (v. d. Linden) (Odonata, Coenagriidae) in Che- shire and parts of its Adjacent Counties in the 100KM square SJ (33). The Past and Present Statusof the Damselfly S. Judd Si

Coleophora taeniipennella H.-S. (Lep., Coleophoridae). A Hitherto Un- recorded Foodplant of A. M. Emmet 81

Comma Butterfly attempting to Copu- late with a Small Tortoiseshell.

R. Hobbs 165 Coleoptera in 1985. A Few Late Dates for A. A. Allen 222

Cosmopterix orichalcea Stainton (Lep., Momphidae) E. C. Pelham Clinton

143

Cryptophagidae (Coleoptera) occurring at Loch Garten, Inverness-shire. Notes on Some J. A. Owen 219 Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. (The Striped Lychnis) in West Sussex J. W. Phillips 46 Curate’s Ovum. R. S. Wilkinson 24 Current Literature: » 35,)36, 83; 84, 2S NZS. 170, 72, 203-2116, 259-263. Diachrisia orichalcea (Fabricius). The Early Stages D. G. Sevastopulo 31 Dragon Fly. A Spider-eating R. A.

Jones 255 Duke of Burgundy. Egg Batch Size in the D. Stokes 256

Ectropis crepuscularia (D. & S.) in Essex in 1984. An Apparent pronounced Second Generation of G. A. Pyman

118

Ectropis crepuscularia (D. & S.). Second

Generation of E. C. Pelham Clinton

119 Edinburgh’s Clouded Drab Summer. M. R. Shaw 79

Egira conspicillaris L. (The Silver Cloud). Notes on the Finding of eggs in the Wild J. Platts 78 Eilema complana (L.) from South West Scotland. Probable Records of the Scarce Footman B. Wallace, I. D. Wallace 210

Elachista unifasciella Haw. and Bryo- tropa politella Stt. in Hampshire. D. H. Sterling 169 Emus hirtus (Linn.) (Col., Staphilinidae) in Gloucestershire (Vice County 34) The Capture of V. W. Lear 135 Erynnis tages L.. The Larval Foodplants of NV. W. Lear 82 Ethmia bipunctella F. and E. sexpunctella Hubn. in Sussex. A. A. Allen

169 Eupithecia. Delayed Emergence in P. A. Cattermole 230

Eupithecia distinctaria H.-S.: Thyme Pug (Lep., Geometridae) in Ross-shire

A. M. Riley 81 Eupithecia goossensiata Mab. (the Ling Pug) and £. absinthiata Cl. (The Wormwood Pug) (Lep.,Geometrida).

A Review of the Status of A. M. Riley 85 Eupithecia lariciata Freyer (Larch Pug). Suspected Second Brood of A. M. Riley 207 Eupithecia tenuiata Hubn. (Slender Pug) in Inverness-shire A. M. Riley 125, 164

Euproctis similis (Fuessly) (Lep., Lyman- triidae) The Early Instars of the Larva of A. M. Emmet 2) (Eurodryas aurinia Rott.) in Dumbarton- shire. The Marsh Fritilary R. Cain

69

Eustrotia bankiana F. (The Silver Barred) in Hampshire L. J. L. Tillotson 36 Euzophera bigella (Zell.) and Euchro- mius ocellea (Haw.) (Lep., Pyra- lidae) in Yorkshire. A. M. Riley

2? Francillon F. L. S.: A Few Facts. John C. F. Cowan 139

Halipus apicalis Thoms. (Col.) in Fresh Water in the London Suburbs A. A.

Allen 32 Harminius undulatus (Degeer). Notes on the biology of J. A. Owen 90 Hawkmoth in Gardens. The Number of Species of D. F. Owen 24 Hecatera dysodea D. “& (Sa Phe Small Ranunculus. A Modern Review of the Demise of C. Pratt

70, 114, 154

Heliophorus griseus Ubst. (Col. Hy- drophilidae) in S. E. London.

A. A. Allen gl Heterogenera asella (D. & S.) in North Hampshire. First Record of the Triangle: 7. G. Winter 210 Hipparchia neomiris Godart (Lep., Saty- ridae) at Sea Level in Corsica.

D. F. Owen 163 Hyles livornica livornica (Lepidoptera) Sphingidae) from South West Ire- land. Spring Records of L. Wright

10

Hypena obsitalis Hbn. in Kent. The Bloxworth Snout G. H. Youden 8 Hypena rostralis L. (Buttoned Snout) in the Chilterns. Population Ex- plosion of D. Wedd 80 Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1985. R. F. Bret- herton and J. M. Chalmers-Hunt

159, 204, 223 ‘Just a Short Series” F. H. N. Smith 166

Karpathos with Notes on WHipparchia christenseni Kudrna. The Butterflies of the Greek Island A. Riemis 149 Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Samos and Chios Islands (Greece) and the Kusadasi Region (S. W. Turkey) in 1983 and 1984. Rhopalocera from D. E. Gaskin, E. A. Littler - - 186 Leopard in Brief. A. W. Plant Zi) Lepidoptera of one Site near Cahors, France, from 23rd to 30th June 1984. Observations on the A. Spalding 147 Leucodonta bicoloria D. & S. in the Channel Islands NV. W. Lear 138 Leucodonta_ bicoloria Schiff. (Lep., Notodontidae) (The White Promi- nent) a possible occurrence in Dorseta tS) MessaSi7 Browns 173 Leucoma salicis L. (White Satin Moth) in Hereford. Recent increase in B. E. Miles 6 Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Heterop- tera, Gerridae) breeding in Ireland. A. M. Murray 167 Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours. and Thera britannica Turn. in Norfolk in 1985. M. R. Hall 124 (Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours) in North Worcestershire. Blair’s Shoulderknot M. D, Bryan 164

(Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours) in Staffordshire. Blair’s Shoulder-

knot R. G. Warren 259 Low Plants’. “It is found on all sorts of D. F. Owen

Lygephila craccae Fab. (Scarce Black- neck) in S. W. Cornwall. B. K. West

148

(Lygephila pastinum Treits.) in Stafford- shire. The Blackneck A. G. Warren

250 Lymantria dispar L. in Dorset. E. H. Wild 21

Macroglossum stellatarum L. (Humming Bird Hawk-Moth) in Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan 28

Mesapamea secalis (L.) and Mesapamea secalis (L.) and Mesapamea seca- lella Remm. (Lep., Noctuidae). The Genitalia of the Species Pair M. J. R. Jordan 41

Mesapamea Species. Some Practical Hints for Treating D. Agassiz 45

Microlepidoptera Records from Somer-

set. R. J. Heck ford 193 Microlepidoptera. Some Records of Scottish K. P. Bland 25 Migrant Records for 1985 D. E. Wilson 164

Mompha lacteella (Stephens) on Epilo- bium montanum, R. J. Heckford

11

Montpellier Region of Southern France. Butterflies of the R. D. J. Tilley

106

Mordellistena costa (Col., Mordellidae) Resembling parvula Gyll. On the British Species of A. A. Allen 47 Morocco. Butterflies in D. Hall 62 Mylothris chloris agathina Cramer (Lep., Pieridae) A Species which has Extended its Range of Distribution from the Easterly Part of South Africa to the Extreme Western Cape. A. J. M. Claassens and

C. G. C. Dickson 1 Mythimna loreyi Dup. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Cornwall. B. K. West 120

Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) (The Cosmo- politan) in West Wales. 1. J. L. Tillotson 61

Neuraphes talparum Lokay (Col., Scy- maenidae) recaptured in London A. A. Allen 174

v1

Ochthera spp. (Dipt., Ephydridae) A Correction A. A. Allen 89 Orange Tip in Fife P. K. Kinnear 123 Opsiphanes tamarindi Felder and Felder (Lep., Nymphalidae, Brassolinae). A Further British Record of D. A. Lott 256 Opisphanes tamarindi Felder and Felder (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) in Britain C. R. Bristow 96 Pararge aegeria L. in North East Scot- land. Expansion of Range of the Speckled Wood Butterfly D. A.

Barbour 98 Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) in Fife. P. K. Kinnear Pai

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) in Wester Ross. A. J. Showler 174 Parascotia fuliginaris L. (Waved Black) in South Hampshire R. A. Mackin- tosh a2 Parornix carpinella (Frey 1863) A Dis- tinct Species from P. fagivora (Frey 1861) (Lep., Gracillariidae)

A. M. Emmet 144 Peacock Butterfly Overwintering in Fife P. K. Kinnear 259

Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. (Lep., Selidosemidae) Feeding at Ragwort

B. K. West 28 Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. (Lep., Arc- tiidae) Some Aspects of the Natural History of the Ruby Tiger Moth

B. K. West 129 (Phyllodesma ilicifolia (Linn.)) still Re- sident in Britain. V. W. Lear 138 Phyllonorycter comparella Dup. Feeding on Populus nigra R. Fairclough 81 Phyllonorycter distentella (Zeller 1846) Univoltine in Britain. A. M. Emmet

168

Platypalpus articulatoides (Frey.) (Dipt., Empididae) New to Britain. A, A. Allen 177 Plea minutissima Fuessly (Heteroptera, Pleidae) in West Cumbria R. W. J. Read 124 Polygonia c-album L., The Comma Butterfly: A History and Investi- gations into the Fluctuations of

C Pratt 197, 244 Pyralidae and Pterophoridae (Lep.) in North Wales H. N. Michaelis 231

Pyrrhia umbra (Hufn.) The Bordered Sallow on Young Hazel Coppice.

P. Waring 80 Pyrgus malvae L. in Mid-July. A. A. Allen 61

Rannoch: August 1985. Around J. M™. Chalmers-Hunt and G. Chatelain 29 Rhodometra sacraria Linn. (The Vestal) in Berwickshire A. G. Long 123 Rhopalocera Recorded in Andorra during 1981 and 1983 K. D. Z.

Samuels 11 Sceliodes laisalis (Walker) (Pyralidae) in _ Leicestershire D. F. Owen 203

Scolopostethus puberulus Hor. and Lim- noporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille) (Hemiptera) in Ireland, J. P. O’Connor 33

Scopula emutaria Hubn. (Lep., Geo- metridae). The Feral Larva of the

Rosy Wave, J. Platts 137 Scottish Lepidoptera in 1985. Interes- ting K. P. Bland 241

Scydmaenus rufus Mull. & Kunze (Col.): an Ecological Note. A. A. Allen

211

Scydmaenus rufus Mull. & Kunze (Col., Scydmaeniidae) A Note about J. A.

Owen 78 Sitochroa palealis D. & S. (Lep., Pyra- lidae) M. A. Easterbrook 256 Spilosoma Luteum Hufn. (Buff Ermine). A Late A. A. Allen 61 Sugaring. A New Technique of B. Goater 37

Synanthedon culiciformis (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) K. P. Bland and K. R. Watt

bas

Synanthedon myopaeformis (Bork.) in Herefordshire (V.C. 36) The Red- Belted Clearwing J. Cooter 82 Syndyas nigripes Zett. (Diptera: Hyboti- dae) in Somerset. J. F. G. McLean

30

Temperatures Associated with the Blue Butterfly at Malvern in January

1983 J. E. Green 39 “Testaceous’’ in Entomology. A Note on the term A. A. Allen 254

Thaumatopia processionea L. (Oak Pro- cessionary Moth) and Lymantria dispar L. (Gipsy Moth) on Jersey, 1984. A. M. Riley 146

Thera cupressata Geyer: A Species of Geometrid Moth New to _ the Channel Islands. P. D. M. Costen and 7. N. D. Peet PANT

Tineola_ bisselliella (Hum.) (The Com- mon Clothes Moth) in Notting-

hamshire. M. Sterling DW Triaxomasia caprimulgella Stt. in S. E. London A. A. Allen D5),

Trifurcula beirnei Puplesis, 1984 (pali- della sensu auct.) (Lep., Nepticu- lidae) in South Hampshire. A. M. Emmet 134

Trox scaber (Col.) in Epping Forest, and a Habitat Note. A. A. Allen

53

Vanessa cardui L. and Hyles livornica Esp. in North Africa, April 1985. D. Hall 40

Xanthorrhoe biriviata Bork. (Lep., Geo- metridae) in Kent. D. O’Keefe

256

Zophopetes dismephila (Trimen) A But- terfly Introduced into the Extreme Western Cape on Palms. A. J. M. Claassens and C. G. C. Dickson

4 Current literature 35, 36, 83,84, 125-128, 170-172, 213-216, 259-263

CONTRIBUTORS

Agassiz D. J. L. 45 Allen A. A. 32, 37, 47, 61, 89 121 136, 153, 169: VAM 2 D2 254, 250

Barbour D. A. 98

Barnett, R. J. 240

Bland K. P. 25, 113, 241 Blathwayt C. S. H.

Bretherton R. F. 159, 204, 223 Bristow C. R. 96

Brown S.C. S. 173

Bryan M.D. 164

Cain R. 69

Cattermole P. A. 230

Chalmers-Hunt J. M. 29, 192, DOAS2LON223» 251

Chatelain R. G. 29

vii

Claassens A. J. M. 1 Cooter J. 82 Costen P. D: M. 217 Coutsis J. G. 176 Cowan C. F. 139 Craik JC vAs 38

Dickson C. G.C. 1, 4

Easterbrook M. A. 218, 256 Emnret A. M> Si) 82°97" 12255134 144, 168

Fairclough R. 81

Gaskin D. E. 186 Goater B. 37 Green J. A. 39

Hall D. 62

Hall M. R. 124

Hall U. K. D. 40

Hancock E. G. 7

Hecktords R- Jn 6), 12 1235. 098 Hobbs R. 165

Ireland H. 181

Jones R. A. 255 Jordan M. J. R. 41 Judd, 8.57

Kearns P. 181, 259 Kinnear PK 21955 123

Lear, N. W. 82, 135, 138, 203 Littler E. A. 186

Long A. G. 123

Lott D. A. 256

Lowe R. T. 258

Luckens C. J. 51

Mackintosh R. A. 32 Majerus M. 181

McLean I. F. G. 30 Michaelis H. N. 231, 250 Miles B. E. 6

Murray A. M. 167

O’Connor J. P. 32 O’Heffernan H. L. 28 O’Keefe D. 253, 356 Owen D. F. 24, 179, 203

Vili

Parson M. 196

Peet T. N. D. 217

Pelham Clinton E. C. 119, 143 Phillips J. W. 46

Plant C. W. 22, 257

Platts 3. 78. 137

Prance D. A. 165

Pullin A. S. 9

Pyman G. A. 118

Read R. W. J. 124, 146 Riemis A. 149 Riley A. M. 81, 85, 125, 164, 19222 07 2A 230

Samuels K. D. Z. 11 Sevastopulo D. G. 31 Shaw M.R. 79 Showler A. J. 174 Smith F. N. H. 166 Sokoloff P. 254 Spalding A. 147

Sterling D. H. 169 Sterling M. 212 Stokes D. 256

Terry M.G. W. 175 Tilley R. D. J. 106 Tillotson L. J. L. 36, 61

Wallace B. 210 Wallace I. D. 7, 123 Waring P. 80

Warren A. G. 250, 259 Watt K. R. 113

Wedd D. 80

West B. K. 28, 120, 129, 148 Wild EF. H221, 30 Wilkinson R. 24 Wilson D. E. 164 Winter T. G. 210 Wright L. 10

Youden G. H. 8

Printed by Frowde & Co. (Printers) Ltd., London, SE5 8RR

Vol. 98 Nos. 1-2 January/February 1986 ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by P. A. SOKOLOFF, M. Sc., C.Biol., M. I. Biol., F.R.ES.

with the assistance of

A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.ES. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B:SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S.

J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD

Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. C. J. LUCKENS, M.B., CH.B., D.R.C.O.G.

MCZ LIBRARY

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a U O U g e a

MYLOTHRIS CHLORIS AGATHINA IN S. AFRICA l

MYLOTHRIS CHLORIS AGATHINA (CRAMER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE),

A SPECIES WHICH HAS EXTENDED ITS RANGE OF DISTRIBUTION FROM THE EASTERLY PART OF SOUTH AFRICA TO THE EXTREME WESTERN CAPE

By A. J.M. CLAASSENS PhD.,M.Sc..* and C. G.C. DICKSON M.Sc. **

Mylothris chloris agathina (Dotted Border) has been known to migrate to some extent and has previously been recorded from Aber- deen (Mr. and Mrs. Wykeham); from Port Elizabeth; and in 1965 from Knysna, where C. G. C. D. found it not uncommonly, despite no sightings known previously, to us, from there. Since 1976 A. J. M. C. found it to be plentiful at Plettenberg Bay, Sedgefield, the Wilderness and George, and he found it later in Swellendam, where its presence was confirmed by R. J. Southey, on 11th March, 1981. But up till fairly recently it was only firmly established well to the east of Port Elizabeth. Trimen, in S. A. Butt. III: 32 (1889), mentions it as becoming numerous “about King William’s Town”. It has always been common at East London.

Agathina’s great trek to the extreme west seems to have started in about 1980; although the initial movement from well within the Eastern Cape itself evidently preceded, considerably, the final migration. B. van der Riet states in Metamorphosis No. 6, April, 1984, that he noticed the butterfly at Hermanus and Onrust Rivier in the early 1980’s. Dr. J. Ball observed a specimen in good con- dition at Somerset West on Ist March, 1981. In the following year he caught two examples in his garden at Pinelands, on 6th and 14th March. Far more northerly records of his, for mid-April, 1983, have been, from: Clanwilliam, the Pakhuis Pass, Wupperthal, Grey’s Pass and Citrusdal. Claassens found a flourishing colony at Greyton in early 1981; and where the species still occurred in January, 1982. He recorded it also from Hermanus in January, 1982, from Ceres in late May, 1982, from Onrust Rivier in December, 1982 and from

*203 High Level Road, Sea Point, Cape, South Africa. ** “Blencathra”’, Cambridge Avenue, Cape Town, South Africa.

Legend to plate I

Mylothris chloris agathina (Cramer). Fig. 1. larvae, final instar, on Col- poon compressum Berg. (X0.5); Fig. 2. pupae (x0.9); Fig. 3. male, under- side (x0.9); Fig 4. male and female uppersides (x0.4) Zophopetes dysme- phila dysmephila (Trimen). Fig. 5. eggs on palm leaf; Fig. 6. final instar larva on palm leaf (x0.85); Fig. 7. exposed pupae (x1.1) : Fig. 8. male and’ female uppersides (x0.59). (The recorded degree of reduction or en-

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2 | ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 98 25 1.1986

Mossel Bay in early July, 1984. Other lepidopterists have sighted the butterfly in the following places:—

C. W. Wykeham: at Claremont in early March, 1981; in the Oranjezicht district of Cape Town a little later in the year; at Ottery, in the Cape Peninsula and at Gordon’s Bay on 20th August, 1982; at Tulbagh-Kloof on Sth September, 1982 and at Strandfontein in November, 1982; also on the Waai Hoek Mtns. on March, 1984; Dr. D. M. Kroon: In Kogelberg Reserve, west of Kleinmond, in the first half of April, 1981; G. J. Howard: in his garden at Lakeside on 17th April, 1982; and his son William at Kalk Bay on 22nd April, 1982: T. Waters and H. Selb: at Kleinmond in numbers on 16th December, 1981 and at the same place in the later part of July, 1982; also many specimens at Kleinmond and Gordon’s Bay on 31st December, 1982. Dr. J. Giliamee of Stellenbosch referred in a letter of 21-9-82 to hundreds of specimens having been seen just outside Gordon’s Bay; and his having seen specimens in his own garden, for the first time, on September, 1981.

Since 1983 agathina has been common in the South Western Cape, especially in the coastal areas including the entire Cape Penin- sula. It has been established with certainty that the butterfly breeds readily in its new westerly territories and that its food-plant is the widely distributed shrub, Colpoon compressum Berg. (Santalaceae).

Dickson reared many larvae and pupae, and finally 32 imagines, from eggs laid in captivity. Three females caught at Michell’s Pass (near Ceres) in late May, 1982, by Claassens in the company of his wife, oviposited readily on leaves of the food-plant collected in Cape Town, and provided the material for the above rearing of the species as well as the photographs in the article. He also successfully reared many imagines from eggs laid by the butterfly on the food-plant in Blinkwater Gorge, at Camp’s Bay, and found by Claassens in late April, 1984.

Dr. Mark Williams mentioned in Metamorphosis, No. 6, April, 1984, that he had found the species, commonly, all over the slopes of the Muizenberg Mtns., above St. James, and had found larvae feeding on Colpoon compressum, in January, 1984.

The somewhat barrel-shaped eggs, bright yellow in appearance, are generally laid on the underside of the leaves, and in batches, with as many as 82 eggs in one. case, in one batch. The larvae emerged from the eggs after about 24 days of incubation. Emerging larvae ate the egg shells and sometimes the shells of neighbouring eggs from which larvae were emerging, as well as unfertilised eggs. The larvae cluster together in a strange manner, presumably as a protective measure, when resting, and are then hardly distinguishable indivi- dually as larvae. When disturbed the clustered larvae quickly descend from their resting place by means of a silken tread, thus rendering themselves inconspicuous among the foliage and allowing them to escape from predators. More recently, a considerable group of cap-

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4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 98 251.1986

tive final-instar larvae were seen to move in well-defined proces- sionary formation when temporarily removed from their container.

From the literature consulted the final-instar larvae should have dull-red or red-brown intersegmental bands, but this was not so in any of the present final-instar larvae, in which the bands were devoid of any decidedly reddish tone. There are five larval instars. In the case of the present observations one batch of larvae attained full growth and pupated in about 53 days and the butterflies emerged from the pupae after about 20 days. There was little disparity in the incubation period of the different groups of eggs and the rate of development of the resultant larvae. Our observations represent, of course, those of a Cape winter brood of the species. The butterfly occurs throughout the year, if not equally plentiful in all months.

For the entire life-history of Mylothris chloris agathina, by the late Gowan C. Clark, see Van Son’s work, The Butterflies of Southern Africa, Pt. 1 : 225-6, Pl. XL. (1949). The plate is, however, only a half-tone reproduction.

ZOPHOPETES DYSMEPHILA DYSMEPHILA (TRIMEN), A BUTTERFLY INTRODUCED INTO THE EXTREME WESTERN CAPE ON PALMS

By A. J.M.CLAASSENS Ph.D.,M.Sc..and C. G. C. DICKSON MSc.

Zophopetes dysmephila dysmephila, known by its English name as the Palm Nightfighter, belongs to the family Hesperiidae (Skip- pers). The natural haunts of this butterfly are found in the Eastern Cape, Natalland the Transvaal (but not the Highveld portions there- of), where it breeds on the common Date Palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. and another palm species, P. reclinata Jack.

The butterfly was first recorded from the Cape Peninsula by K. Gallon, from her home at Claremont on 10th September, 1980. Her identification of the specimen was confirmed by C.G.C. Dickson. Subsequent observations revealed that the early stages of the Skipper occurred on the Date Palms growing in the surrounding garden. This discovery of the butterfly in the extreme Western Cape was soon followed by the capture of specimens and records of early stages on Date Palms in a number of localities near and in the Cape Peninsula. Claassens and Dickson found the eggs and larvae of the butterfly on palms at Kirstenbosch on 24th May, 1981. The photographs of the early stages appearing in this article were taken from material collected at Kirstenbosch. G. J. Howard found eggs and larvae near his house at Lakeside on an earlier date. D. van der Walt caught a number of specimens on his veranda at Rondebosch,

ZOPHOPETES DYSMEPHILA ON PALMS 5 and Dr. J. B. Ball has observed the butterfly feeding at Flowers in his garden at Pinelands. Others who have observed it, in the suburbs of Cape Town, have been Messrs. A. K. Brinkman, L. A. C. Buchanan and W. J. Copenhagen, who apparently was the first one to capture the butterfly here, without realising its significance or identifying it initially. The first specimen to be found in Cape Town itself was a dead one, picked up by V. Wykeham in the house of his father on 27th February, 1983. The early stages were then located readily on Date Palms in the vicinity of the house. The presence of the species in the centre of Cape Town was indicated, subsequently, when Dickson observed leaves which had been partly eaten by larvae on palms in the grounds of the Houses of Parliament. He also found larvae on Date Palms in his own garden. Claassens found the early stages on a young Date Palm in a garden at Hout Bay (Beach Estate). He also found them on P. canariensis and another palm, tentatively identified as Chrysalidocarpus (Areca) lutescens, the Butterfly Palm, standing between specimens of P. canariensis. The latter two records were from two nurseries, one at Hout Bay and the other at Constantia. These nurseries are supplied with young palms by Transvaal nurseries. No doubt other nurseries in the Cape Peninsula and in the South Western Cape introduced the early stages of Z. d. dysmephila in this way into these areas, and this introduction may well have started many years ago.

It may be mentioned that Messrs. V. L. and E. L. Pringle of Bedford, Cape, maintain that specimens of this species from Port Elizabeth (previously the butterfly’s most western known limit) are darker than those from other localities and that, in their opinion, they represent at least another race.

At Kirstenbosch, Claremont, etc., the butterfly has established itself permanently and there must be other suitable areas where it has occurred for a number of years. In nurseries the larvae of this Skipper can do considerable damage to the leaves of young palms. On large palm trees the damage is negligible. A. L. de Villiers and C. R. McDowell (1982) pointed out that the introductions of plants from one part of the country into another can be a stepping stone to introductions of another kind. These authors referred to the Palm Skipper (as it is also called) as an example. A matter of interest which has not been investigated at all in the case of dysmephila is the fact that, together with the early stages, insect parasites not indigenous to the Peninsula may have been introduced there. G. C. Clark (1978) recorded parasites from all three early stages of this species.

Dysmephila is crepuscular and is thus not often seen in the day- time. It visits flowers at dusk and tends to be attracted to light. It is, therefore, perhaps surprising that the butterfly had not been recorded from the Cape Peninsula many years ago. It does, how- ever, resemble a moth and this fact coupled with the butterfly’s

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 98 25 1.1986 habit of flying at dusk may have confused people, who are, generally speaking, not interested in moths. In the Cape Peninsula dysmephila appears to breed all the year round, but the main breeding season is during summer. C. W. Wykeham caught a fresh specimen when it was at rest on a Banana plant in his garden at about 2.30p.m., on 16th June, 1984. The butterfly can be reared easily from any of the early stages. The larvae, however, need to be supplied with fresh palm leaves of the right kind. For the complete life-history, with beautiful illustrations in colour, see Clark, loc. cit. One of the most striking habits of the larvae of dysmephila is the manner in whch they construct a shelter. After eating the egg-shell the larva com- mences, very soon, to construct a shelter for itself near the end of a leaf, the halves of which are brought together with silken strands. They are not, however, pulled together by the larva, the process being a gradual one through, apparently, the contraction of the successive strands of silk. The extremity of the leaf is first eaten, and the larva then moves down the leaf, extending the shelter as it does so. Finally, it should be stated that there are no indigenous palms in the Cape Peninsula. The Date Palm, which is so common here today, was presumably introduced by the early Dutch settlers, possibly centuries ago.

References

Clark, G. C., 1978, in Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa, Edited by C. G. C. Dickson, with the collaboration of Dr. D.M. Kroon. Ad. Donker, Johannesburg.

De Villiers, A. L. and McDowell, C. R., 1982. The indigenous exotic vegetation of Table Mountain. African Wildlife, 36 (3) : 120.

Trimen, Roland. 1889. S$. A. Butt. Ili : 327-29. (Contains most interesting observations on the habits of the species by Colonel J. H. Bowker, in the Eastern Cape<